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In Spain, the White Terror (also known as ''la Represión Franquista'', the “Francoist Repression”) was the series of acts of politically-motivated violence, rape, and other crimes committed by the Nationalist movement during the Spanish Civil War (17 July 1936 to 1 April 1939) and during Francisco Franco's dictatorship (1 October 1936 – 20 November 1975).〔Beevor, Antony. ''The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939'' Weidenfeld and Nicholson (2006), pp.89–94.〕 The mass killings of the Spanish Republican loyalists, which included Popular Front adherents, liberals, Socialists, Trotskyites, Communists, anarchists, Protestants, freethinkers and intellectuals, among others, such as those branded as Catalan and Basque separatists and Freemasons,〔''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 15th ed., vol. 21, p. 836.〕 occurred from the beginning of the Spanish Civil War, in July 1936, and continued unabated until 1945.〔Preston, Paul. ''The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, revolution & revenge'' Harper Perennial (2006) London. p. 52.〕〔Graham, Helen. ''The Spanish Civil War: A Very Short Introduction'' Oxford University Press (2005) p. 136.〕 Nationalist atrocities, which the authorities ordered to eradicate any trace of “leftism” in Spain, were common, ideological practice. The notion of a ''limpieza'' (cleansing) was an essential part of the right-wing rebel strategy, and the process of assassination began immediately after the nationalists had captured an area.〔Beevor (2006). p. 98.〕 In the rebel-controlled zone, the nationalist military, the Civil Guard, and the fascist Falange carried out the violence in name of the regime, which was ideologically legitimized by the Roman Catholic Church.〔Beevor (2006). pp. 88–89.〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=El silencio de los obispos: La Iglesia Católica de España y los niños perdidos del franquismo un año después. )〕 Historians of the Spanish Civil War generally agree that the death toll of the White Terror was greater than the death toll of the Red Terror, because the White Terror occurred as a matter of formal Nationalist policy. The assassinations continued until 1945, six years after the end of Spanish Civil War in 1939. Most estimates of the Red Terror's death toll range from 38,000 to 72,344 people;〔Beevor, Antony. ''The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939''. Penguin Books. 2006. London. p. 87.〕〔de la Cueva, Julio. "Religious Persecution", ''Journal of Contemporary History'', 3, 198, pp. 355-369.〕 these estimates include, among others, the collective work ''Víctimas de la guerra civil'' (''Victims of the Civil War''), which reaches 50,000 people;〔Santos Julía, Julián Casanova, Solé y Sabaté, Joan Villarroya, Francisco Moreno. ''Víctimas de la Guerra Civil''. Editorial Temas de Hoy. Madrid. 1999. p. 410.〕 Hugh Thomas (55,000 people);〔Thomas, Hugh. ''The Spanish Civil War'' Penguin Books. 2001. London. p. 900.〕 and Julián Casanova (fewer than 60,000 people).〔Casanova, Julián. ''The Spanish Republic and Civil War''. Cambridge University Press. 2010. New York. p. 181.〕 Meanwhile, estimates of the White Terror's death toll, such as Paul Preston's 200,000 people,〔Preston, Paul. (2012). ''The Spanish Holocaust'' Harper Press. London p.493.〕 range from 150,000 to 400,000 people.〔Julián Casanova, Francisco Espinosa, Conxita Mir, Francisco Moreno Gómez. ''Morir, matar, sobrevivir. La violencia en la dictadura de Franco''. Editorial Crítica. Barcelona. 2002. p. 8.〕〔Richards, Michael. ''A Time of Silence: Civil War and the Culture of Repression in Franco's Spain, 1936-1945.'' Cambridge University Press. 1998. p.11〕 The Law of Political Responsibilities ''(Ley de Responsabilidades Políticas)'', reformed in 1942 and in force until 1966,〔 was promulgated in 1939 in order to give a legal cover to the bloody repression carried out during the dismantling of the Spanish republican institutions, as well as to penalise those who had remained loyal to the legally established government at the time of the July 1936 military rebellion against the Spanish Republic.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=La Ley de Responsabilidades Políticas, un arma más de represión durante el franquismo )〕 The current Spanish government refuses to open the historical archives that would allow experts and historians to throw light on the fate of victims of the Francoist regime. == Background == The Second Spanish Republic was established on 14 April 1931, after the flight of King Alfonso XIII. The government, led by President Niceto Alcalá-Zamora, instituted a reformist program, including agrarian reform,〔Beevor, Antony. ''The Battle for Spain, The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939''. Penguin Books. 2006. London. p.22 and 25〕 separation of church and state,〔Graham, Helen. ''The Spanish Civil War. A Very Short Introduction.'' Oxford University Press. 2005. p.7〕 the right to divorce,〔Preston, Paul. ''The Spanish Civil War. Reaction, revolution & revenge.'' Harper Perennial. 2006. London. p.54〕 votes for women (November 1933),〔Graham, Helen. ''The Spanish Civil War. A Very Short Introduction.'' Oxford University Press. 2005. p.11〕 reform of the Spanish Army,〔Preston, Paul. ''The Spanish Civil War. Reaction, revolution & revenge.'' Harper Perennial. 2006. London. p.47〕 autonomy for Catalonia〔Beevor, Antony. ''The Battle for Spain, The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939''. Penguin Books. 2006. London. p.22〕 and the Basque Country (October 1936).〔Beevor, Antony. ''The Battle for Spain, The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939''. Penguin Books. 2006. London. p.223〕 The proposed reforms were blocked by the right and rejected by the far-left National Confederation of Labour ''(Confederación Nacional del Trabajo)'' or (CNT). The Republic suffered attacks from the right (the failed coup of Sanjurjo in 1932), and the left (the uprising of Asturias in 1934), as well as the impact of the Great Depression.〔Beevor, Antony. ''The Battle for Spain, The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939''. Penguin Books. 2006. London. p.21〕〔Gibson, Ian. ''The Assassination of Federico Garcia Lorca.'' Penguin Books. London. 1983. p.28〕 Nevertheless, the Republic managed to survive. In February 1936 the Popular Front, a coalition of parties from the left to the center right (Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE), Republican Left (IR), Republican Union Party (UR), Communist Party (PCE), Workers' Party of Marxist Unification (POUM), Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) among others)〔Beevor, Antony. ''The Battle for Spain, The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939''. Penguin Books. 2006. London. p.455〕 won the general election and the right started to plan an uprising against the Republic.〔Graham, Helen. ''The Spanish Civil War. A Very Short Introduction.'' Oxford University Press. 2005. p.17〕 Finally, on 17 July 1936, a part of the Spanish Army, led by a group of far-right officers (the generals Sanjurjo, Goded, Emilio Mola, Franco, Miguel Cabanellas, Queipo de Llano and Varela among others) attempted a coup against the government.〔Graham, Helen. ''The Spanish Civil War. A Very Short Introduction.'' Oxford University Press. 2005. p.21〕〔Beevor, Antony. ''The Battle for Spain, The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939''. Penguin Books. 2006. London. p.55〕 The coup failed but the rebel troops, known as the Nationalists, held a large part of Spain. The Spanish Civil War had started. One of the leaders of the 1936 coup against Spain's democratically elected government, Franco, with his Nationalist forces and aided by Germany and Italy, finally prevailed in 1939. He ruled the country for the next 36 years.〔 As well as mass killing, political prisoners were sent to concentration camps〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Portada - (Virreina ) Centre de la Imatge )〕 and homosexuals to mental institutions.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「White Terror (Spain)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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